2018 Millar and Dillman 2011 Rubsamen et al. Mixed-mode surveys also tend to have higher response rates than single-mode surveys (Beebe et al. The researchers concluded that it was important to offer the paper survey as an option, particularly for the more vulnerable (e.g., older, non-White, less educated, and less wealthy) population (Hagan, Belcher, and Donovan 2017). A study by Hagan, Belcher, and Donovan (2017) found that among their sample population of cancer patients, more vulnerable patients tended to prefer paper surveys over web surveys. When different modes have similar response rates or similar volumes of response, mixed-mode methodology becomes a good option (Hagan, Belcher, and Donovan 2017 Funkhouser et al. Limitations to paper surveys are reflected in the benefits of web surveys discussed previously. A key strength is that response rates for paper-only surveys are nearly always higher than those for web-only surveys (Sinclair et al. Results from some studies have shown that older populations, including clinicians, tend to be more responsive to paper surveys (Hardigan, Popovici, and Carvajal 2016 Ernst et al. Paper surveys have strengths and limitations as well. Also, lower response rates for web surveys may be more likely among one-time survey respondents compared with panel respondents (Manfreda et al. This is not the case for all survey populations, however (Jiang et al. 2008 Sax, Gilmartin, and Bryant 2003 Sinclair et al. 2014 Kwak and Radler 2002 Manfreda et al. Web survey drawbacks include consistent findings that response rates are typically the lowest for web surveys compared with other modes (Van Mol 2017 Funkhouser et al. 2017), and perceived privacy while answering sensitive questions (Jiang et al. 2007) or mailing expenses (Kaplowitz, Hadlock, and Levine 2004 Saleh and Bista 2017), allowance for self-pacing (Jiang et al. 2017 Kwak and Radler 2002 Manfreda et al. Researchers often prefer to use web surveys for data collection because they offer numerous benefits: faster response times (Hardigan, Popovici, and Carvajal 2016 Kwak and Radler 2002 Burgess, Nicholas, and Gulliford 2012), better data completeness and higher data quality (Jiang et al. Web surveys have become more acceptable to participants in recent years (Beebe et al. This information may be utilized in future surveys to boost completion rates, optimize sampling strategies, and use resources most effectively. web) and patterns of response among enrollees. Using data and metadata from the HES, we sought to understand survey mode preferences (i.e., paper vs. From September 2017 until March 2018, a subset of enrollees was invited to participate in the Health & Employment Survey (HES). More than 71,000 enrollees have been surveyed about their 9/11-related short- and long-term health effects in four major surveys (i.e., waves 1 – 4) as well as in smaller, focused in-depth surveys. The World Trade Center Health Registry (WTCHR) was established in 2002, forming a longitudinal cohort of survivors of the terrorist attacks in New York City.
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